Craniopharyngioma - Childhood

Craniopharyngioma - Childhood

What is Craniopharyngioma?

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Craniopharyngioma is a slow-growing tumor that develops in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the suprasellar region of the brain, located above the pituitary gland. These tumors can be either solid or cystic and may take years to develop before symptoms are noticed.

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

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The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Craniopharyngioma develops in the brain, specifically in the suprasellar region above the pituitary gland, a critical area for hormone regulation.

Statistics

In India, brain and CNS cancers rank 14th among all cancers. Specific data on craniopharyngioma are unavailable. In the United States, about 130 children under the age of 15 are diagnosed with craniopharyngioma annually.

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Survival Rate

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The 5-year survival rate for children under 15 diagnosed with craniopharyngioma in the United States is 96%.

Risk Factors

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No specific risk factors have been identified for craniopharyngioma.

Symptoms

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Symptoms of craniopharyngioma usually arise due to hormonal imbalances or pressure exerted by the tumor on the brain, nerves, or other structures. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches: Often more severe in the morning
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of balance
• Fatigue and drowsiness
• Changes in behavior

Symptoms based on the tumor’s location may include:

• Weight gain
• Increased thirst
• Vision changes
• Stunted growth
• Early or delayed puberty

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination
• Blood Tests
• Biopsy: A small piece of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm if cancer is present. If the tumor is small, it may be entirely removed during surgery. If the tumor is large or in a risky location, only a small part may be biopsied.
• MRI Scan
• CT Scan

Treatment

1. Surgery: The main treatment for craniopharyngioma is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, a procedure called “complete resection.” This is achievable in about 70% to 85% of cases. For others, the goal is to remove as much tumor as possible while preserving brain function. The side effects of surgery depend on the tumor’s location. Further treatments may be recommended based on the extent of tumor removal.
2. Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) is the most common method. Since radiation can affect brain development in children, advanced techniques are used to minimize exposure to healthy brain tissue.

Craniopharyngioma Follow-up

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Regular follow-up tests are essential after treatment to manage side effects and ensure the cancer does not return. Follow-up care includes routine physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests.

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